Upgare My Ubuntu

Upgarding my Ubuntu to 11.10 , but this time i make sure everything in place before it be done. Luckily no bad things happen. I need to be familliar with Unity , no more menu for system and administrator.

Coppermine Photo Gallery v1.5.14: Ubuntu Prep

1 Preliminary Note

In this tutorial I use the hostname server1.example.com with the IP address 192.168.0.100. These settings might differ for you, so you have to replace them where appropriate.

I'm running all the steps in this tutorial with root privileges, so make sure you're logged in as root:

sudo su


2 Installing MySQL 5

First we install MySQL 5 like this:

aptitude install mysql-server mysql-client

You will be asked to provide a password for the MySQL root user - this password is valid for the user root@localhost as well as root@server1.example.com, so we don't have to specify a MySQL root password manually later on:

New password for the MySQL "root" user: <-- yourrootsqlpassword
Repeat password for the MySQL "root" user: <-- yourrootsqlpassword


3 Installing Apache2

Apache2 is available as an Ubuntu package, therefore we can install it like this:

aptitude install apache2

Now direct your browser to http://192.168.0.100, and you should see the Apache2 placeholder page (It works!):





Apache's default document root is /var/www on Ubuntu, and the configuration file is /etc/apache2/apache2.conf. Additional configurations are stored in subdirectories of the /etc/apache2 directory such as /etc/apache2/mods-enabled (for Apache modules), /etc/apache2/sites-enabled (for virtual hosts), and /etc/apache2/conf.d.


4 Installing PHP5

We can install PHP5 and the Apache PHP5 module as follows:

aptitude install php5 libapache2-mod-php5

We must restart Apache afterwards:

/etc/init.d/apache2 restart


5 Testing PHP5 / Getting Details About Your PHP5 Installation

The document root of the default web site is /var/www. We will now create a small PHP file (info.php) in that directory and call it in a browser. The file will display lots of useful details about our PHP installation, such as the installed PHP version.

vi /var/www/info.php

Now we call that file in a browser (e.g. http://192.168.0.100/info.php):

As you see, PHP5 is working, and it's working through the Apache 2.0 Handler, as shown in the Server API line.

If you scroll further down, you will see all modules that are already enabled in PHP5. MySQL is not listed there which means we don't have MySQL support in PHP5 yet.

6 Getting MySQL Support In PHP5

To get MySQL support in PHP, we can install the php5-mysql package. It's a good idea to install some other PHP5 modules as well as you might need them for your applications. You can search for available PHP5 modules like this:aptitude search php5

Pick the ones you need and install them like this:

aptitude install php5-mysql php5-curl php5-gd php5-idn php-pear php5-imagick php5-imap php5-mcrypt php5-memcache php5-mhash php5-ming php5-ps php5-pspell php5-recode php5-snmp php5-sqlite php5-tidy php5-xmlrpc php5-xsl php5-json

Now restart Apache2:

/etc/init.d/apache2 restart

Now reload http://192.168.0.100/info.php in your browser and scroll down to the modules section again. You should now find lots of new modules there, including the MySQL module:

7 phpMyAdmin

phpMyAdmin is a web interface through which you can manage your MySQL databases. It's a good idea to install it:

aptitude install phpmyadmin

You will see the following questions:Web server to reconfigure automatically:

- apache2

Configure database for phpmyadmin with dbconfig-common?

No Afterwards, you can access phpMyAdmin under http://192.168.0.100/phpmyadmin/:

Webmin : After Restart - connection refused

After install , the webmin running well but suddenly after restart the server , i got error said connection refused.

Before this i reinstall the webmin package but now i felt something wrong with webmin service. Then i try to restart the services but nothing happen but i got some message saying that no service webmin. Oooo walla .. i know the webmin service not started from beginning. So i used this command to restart webmin

sudo /etc/webmin start

That All , My webmin comeback nicely.

Bagaimana nak create phpinfo.php

Kekadang susah ngak nak cari skrip phpinfo.php

SO disertakan untuk rujukan semua.

phpinfo();

?>

How to set up nginx with PHP 1.0.4 on Ubuntu

Continue from previous post : NGINX Installation

Step 1: Installation

$ sudo apt-get install php5-cgi

Step 2: Startup script for FastCGI

We want to create a Startup script for FastCGI PHP processes to run on every boot up. Here is the script I use:

!/bin/bash
BIND_DIR=/var/run/php-fastcgi
BIND="$BIND_DIR/php.sock"
USER=www-data
PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN=8
PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTS=1000

PHP_CGI=/usr/bin/php-cgi
PHP_CGI_NAME=`basename $PHP_CGI`
PHP_CGI_ARGS="- USER=$USER PATH=/usr/bin PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN=$PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTS=$PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTS $PHP_CGI -b $BIND"
RETVAL=0

start() {
echo -n "Starting PHP FastCGI: "
mkdir $BIND_DIR
chown -R $USER $BIND_DIR
start-stop-daemon --quiet --start --background --chuid "$USER" --exec /usr/bin/env -- $PHP_CGI_ARGS
RETVAL=$?
echo "$PHP_CGI_NAME."
}
stop() {
echo -n "Stopping PHP FastCGI: "
killall -q -w -u $USER $PHP_CGI
RETVAL=$?
rm -rf $BIND_DIR
echo "$PHP_CGI_NAME."
}

case "$1" in
start)
start
;;
stop)
stop
;;
restart)
stop
start
;;
*)
echo "Usage: php-fastcgi {start|stop|restart}"
exit 1
;;
esac
exit $RETVAL

Put the text above into /etc/init.d/fastcgi-php. Then run:
$ sudo chmod 755 /etc/init.d/fastcgi-php
$ sudo update-rc.d fastcgi-php defaults
$ sudo /etc/init.d/fastcgi-php start

Note the variables at the top of the script and adjust to fit your available RAM. The the php-cgi processes will get bigger after a while so allot at least 16-20MB for each. This script is slightly different than most I’ve found, in that it uses a UNIX socket instead of a TCP one for communication. UNIX sockets are faster, and you never have to worry about your firewall setup.

Step 3: Enable PHP processing

Create a new file /etc/nginx/fastcgi_php with this content:
# pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on UNIX socket
location ~ \.php$ {
fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php-fastcgi/php.sock;
fastcgi_index index.php;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
include /etc/nginx/fastcgi_params;
}

Now define you virtual servers. You need to copy back the red colour text from this sample config to your default (make sure check your server path) :
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.com www.example.com;

access_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.access.log;

root /var/www/example.com;
index index.php index.html index.htm;
autoindex off;

error_page 404 /404.html;
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;

# deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
# concurs with nginx's one
location ~ /\.ht {
deny all;
}
# Enable PHP
include /etc/nginx/fastcgi_php;
}

Notice the next to last line of the file. You can include this line in all of your server definitions to enable PHP processing through FastCGI.

Step 4: Enable the site:

Enable the site and reload the configs:

sudo /etc/init.d/nginx reload

Install Nginx 1.04

Finally i success install NGINX 1.04 to server. This is the step ,I was following instruction from http://wiki.nginx.org/Install

For Ubuntu 10.04 and newer:

sudo -s
nginx=stable # use nginx=development for latest development version
add-apt-repository ppa:nginx/$nginx
apt-get update
apt-get install nginx

If you get an error about add-apt-repository not existing, you need to install python-software-properties.

apt-get install python-software-properties

For other Debian/Ubuntu based distributions, you can try the lucid variant of the PPA which is the most likely to work on older package sets.

sudo -s
nginx=stable # use nginx=development for latest development version
echo "deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/nginx/$nginx/ubuntu lucid main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/nginx-$nginx-lucid.list
apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys C300EE8C
apt-get update
apt-get install nginx

Build Your Own Web Server

Quick & Easy Do it Yourself Installation ~ All within 24 hours !!!!
Apache 2 - Linux Web server
MySQL 5 - MySQL Database Server
PHP4/5 - PHP Scripting Language
phpMyAdmin - Web-based database admin software.
Webalizer - Website Traffic Analyzer
Mail Server - Postfix (MTA) with Dovecot IMAP/POP3 + Sasl Authentication
Squirrelmail - A web based email
VSFTP - A fast ftp server to upload files
Webmin - A freely available server control panel
ClamAV - Antivirus software.
A Firewall using IPtables.

Note: Linux + Apache + MySQL + PHP/Perl together commonly known as LAMP Server.

First, let us prepare a system that has a minimum requirement of Debian/Ubuntu version of linux with atleast 256MB of RAM available. Anything less than this minimum ram will cause lot of problems since we are running a server along especially mysql and webmin requires lot of RAM to run properly. Mysql will give you this nasty error "cannot connect to mysql.sock" if you dont have enough memory in your server.

I love debian/ubuntu based linux because of my enormous affinity towards this command apt-get. As a starter knowing this one command, It is so easy to install packages and you dont need to worry about package dependency and configuration. You need to buy a dedicated server or a VPS package if you want to setup your own server. If you want to experiment with the server and installation it is recommended to buy a vps package from various hosts. I prefer vpslink because of their pricing. Believe it or not it is so easy to install and configure your server yourself eventhough you are new are to linux and dedicated/vps hosting.

First download PuTTy if you are accessing your server through SSH. Just enter the IP of your server with root login to access your host. As you probably know, Webmin is a freely available server control panel and we will setup this once we have completed the LAMP server and Mail Server. Webmin makes more easier for us to fine tune our linux box.

Before proceeding to install, update the necessary packages with debian with this command.

apt-get install update
1. Installing Apache + PHP

Apache is one of the most famous web server which runs on most linux based servers by webhosting companies . With just few commands you can configure apache to run with PHP 4 or PHP 5.

If you want to install PHP 4, just apt-get

apt-get install apache2 php4 libapache2-mod-php4

To install PHP5, just run the following on linux shell. Note that if you dont specify packages with '4', PHP5 will be automatically installed.

apt-get install apache2 php5 libapache2-mod-php5

Apache configuration file is located at: /etc/apache2/apache2.conf and your web folder is /var/www

To check whether php is installed and running properly, just create a test.php in your /var/www folder with phpinfo() function exactly as shown below.

nano /var/www/test.php

# test.php



Point your browser to http://ip.address/test.php or http://domain/test.php and this should show all your php configuration and default settings.

You can edit necessary values or setup virtual domains using apache configuration file.
Enabling GD Library with PHP

If you want to use CAPTCHA or for dynamic image generation with php scripts for image verification to stop SPAM or automated robots, then it is absolutely necessary to get php gd library installed with php. Here is the command

apt-get install php5-gd

Thats it!! Point your browser to http://domain/test.php and the php configuration settings will show GD library will be enabled for PNG, GIF, JPG etc.
Enabling Mod Rewrite with .htaccess

Do you use mod-rewrite from apache to rewrite friendly URLs ?? This must be absolutely necessary for the rewrite module to get enabled in your apache, especially if your blog, forum script uses rewriting engine to generate friendly URLs in your site. Note that default apache2 installation does not come with mod-rewrite. Here is how you enable it. Issue the following command

# a2enmod rewrite

Once you run this command, apache will tell you that this rewrite module is enabled. You can find mod_rewrite enabled and show up in your test.php file.

I often experienced page not found 404 error with debian/ubuntu versions eventhough your apache runs with mod-rewrite. To fix this, you will need to edit the following file to make some changes.

nano /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default

Find the following and change AllowOverride from None to All


Options Indexes FollowSymLinks MultiViews
AllowOverride All
Order allow,deny
allow from all
# Uncomment this directive is you want to see apache2's
# default start page (in /apache2-default) when you go to /
#RedirectMatch ^/$ /apache2-default/


Upload the .htaccess file to your server and restart apache. /etc/init.d/apache2 restart

Make sure your .htaccess file has 644 permission as otherwise you get permission denied error.

NOTE: I have often experienced .htaccess remaining invisible or disappearing problem when i uploaded any dotted files in the server (like .htaccess .ftpquota). Actually FTP clients do write .htaccess file but they do not show up when you upload. This happened with me using VSFTP. Here is how you fix
2. Installing MySQL Database Server

Installing mysql database server is always necessary if you are running a database driven ecommerce site. Remember running mysql server to a fair extend requires atleast 256mb of RAM in your server. So unless you are running database driven sites you dont absolutely need mysql. The following commands will install mysql 5 server and mysql 5 client.

apt-get install mysql-server mysql-client php5-mysql

Note: If you have already installed php4, you should make a slight change like this.

apt-get install mysql-server mysql-client php4-mysql

The configuration file of mysql is located at: /etc/mysql/my.cnf
Creating users to use MySQL and Changing Root Password

By default mysql creates user as root and runs with no passport. You might need to change the root password.

To change Root Password

mysql> USE mysql;
mysql> UPDATE user SET Password=PASSWORD('new-password') WHERE user='root';
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

To Create User

You must never use root password, so you might need to create a user to connect to mysql database for a PHP script. Alternatively you can add users to mysql database by using a control panel like webmin or phpMyAdmin to easily create or assign database permission to users. We will install Webmin and phpmyadmin during later once we complete basic mail LAMP installation.
PhpMyAdmin Installation

PhpMyAdmin is a nice web based database management and administration software and easy to install and configure under apache. Managing databases with tables couldnt be much simpler by using phpmyadmin.

All you need to do is:

apt-get install phpmyadmin

The phpmyadmin configuration file is located at: /etc/phpmyadmin folder.

To setup under apache all you need to do is include the following line in /etc/apache2/apache2.conf

Include /etc/phpmyadmin/apache.conf

Now restart apache: /etc/init.d/apache2 restart

Point your browser to: http://domain/phpmyadmin

Thats it!! MySQL and phpMyAdmin is Ready !!! Login with your mysql root password and create users to connect to database from your php script.
3. Mail Server Installation
Postfix (Mail Transfer Agent MTA)
Dovecot (IMAP/POP3 Server)
SASL Authentication with TLS (Authenticate before sending mail outside network in Outlook)
Squirrel Mail (Popular Web based Email)

As a beginner to linux it took about almost a month for me for proper installation of mail server and fixing necessary problems. I had real nightmares to configure this and so i decided that my hardwork would be helpful to linux community.

Note: If you install Postfix/Dovecot mail server you will ONLY be able to send mail within your network. You can only send mail externally if you install SASL authentication with TLS. As otherwise you get nasty "Relay Access Denied" error.
3a. Install Postfix MTA (Mail Transfer Agent)

First install postfix package along with sasl with apt-get

apt-get install postfix postfix-tls libsasl2 sasl2-bin libsasl2-modules popa3d

During installation, postfix will ask for few questions like name of server and answer those questions by entering your domain name and select Internet site for postfix.

Postfix configuration file is located at:/etc/postfix/main.cf. You can edit this file using popular text editor nano /etc/postfix/main.cf

Start or Restart Postfix Server:

/etc/init.d/postfix restart
/etc/init.d/postfix stop
/etc/init.d/postfix start
3b. Install Dovecot

Dovecot is one of the popular POP3/IMAP server which needs MTA like Postfix to work properly.

apt-get install dovecot

In some linux versions, the above might not work so you can install by specifying individual package names.

apt-get install dovecot-imapd dovecot-pop3d dovecot-common

Dovecot configuration file is located at: /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf

Before we proceed we need to make some changes with dovecot configuration file. Double check the following entries in the file if the values are entered properly.

nano /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf

# specify protocols = imap imaps pop3 pop3s
protocols = pop3 imap
# uncomment this and change to no.
disable_plaintext_auth = no
pop3_uidl_format = %08Xu%08Xv

I have noticed that in some ubuntu versions, most of the above parameters are not specified. You will need to insert the values if not specified or left empty. If you dont uncomment and change disable_plaintext_auth to no, you will get "plain text authentication error" from outlook or mail clients.

Now, create a user to test our pop3 mail with outlook:

adduser

Caution: Always create a separate user to test your mail or ftp. DO NOT LOGIN WITH ROOT ACCESS.

Restart Dovecot:

/etc/init.d/dovecot restart

Now, you can use your outlook express to test whether your new mail server is working or not. Just enter username: with password in outlook.

Remember you will NOT be able to send email outside your network, you will be only be able to send within your domain or local network. If you attempt to send email you get nasty "relay access denied" error from outlook express. However, you should have no problems in receiving your email from outlook. Inorder to send email external email you will need to configure SASL authentication as described below.
3c. Configure SASL Authentication with TLS

SASL Configuration + TLS (Simple authentication security layer with transport layer security) used mainly to authenticate users before sending email to external server, thus restricting relay access. If your relay server is kept open, then spammers could use your mail server to send spam. It is very essential to protect your mail server from misuse.

Let us set up SMTP authentication for our users with postfix and dovecot.

Edit the postfix configuration file /etc/postfix/main.cf and enter the few lines to enable authentication of our users

smtpd_sasl_auth_enable = yes
smtpd_sasl_local_domain = yourdomain.com
smtpd_recipient_restrictions = permit_mynetworks,permit_sasl_authenticated,reject_unauth_destination
smtpd_sasl_security_options = noanonymous

On the Dovecot side you also need to specify the dovecot authentication daemon socket. In this case we specify an absolute pathname. Refer to this postfix manual here

Edit /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf

Look for the line that starts with auth default, before that insert the lines below.

auth default {
mechanisms = plain login
passdb pam {
}
userdb passwd {
}
socket listen {
client {
path = /var/spool/postfix/private/auth
mode = 0660
user = postfix
group = postfix
}
}
}

Now, rename previous auth default to auth default2. If you dont rename this then dovecot server will give you error like multiple instances of auth default.

Now restart all the components of mail server.

/etc/init.d/saslauthd restart
/etc/init.d/postfix restart
/etc/init.d/dovecot restart

Test whether your mail server works or not with your outlook express. Configure a user with a user name (without @domain) and make sure that you select my server requires authentication. Under settings select same as incoming mail server

NOTE:
1. If you dont enable My server requires authentication in outlook you cannot send emails to external recipients and you get relay access denied error.
2. Do not use root login to login to your mail server.
3. Dont forget to create a new user before you authenticate using outlook.
3d. Forwarding Mails

Ever wondered how to forward your mails especially if you are a webmaster managing number of sites. You might need to forward any email sent to your primary email address. Its that easy. Just create a .forward file on your home directory. Insert list of emails addresses separated by commas, where you want to get forwarded.

Login as user and type

echo 'destination_email_address' > .forward

or you can use nano to create .forward file. Just Delete .forward file if you dont want any forwarding.
Installing Squirrel Web Mail

Squirrel mail is one of the most popular web based email with very friendly interface. Squirrel mail works without mysql database very easy to install and configure under apache2..

Note: It is recommended to have apache and php installed before you install squirrelmail.

apt-get install squirrelmail

Squirrelmail configuration file is located in: /etc/squirrelmail/ folder. By default all settings are preloaded.

# Run squirrelmail configuration utility as ROOT
/usr/sbin/squirrelmail-configure

Now we want to setup to run under apache. Edit apache configuration file /etc/apache2/apache2.conf and insert the following line:

Include /etc/squirrelmail/apache.conf

Thats it. Your webmail is ready !!!.
Point your browser to: http://yourdomain/squirrelmail

Create a separate local user and login as a new user.

DO NOT LOGIN AS ROOT AND YOU WILL GET "ERROR: CONNECTION DROPPED"
Mail Server Problems in Logs

Always refer to logs located in /var/log/mail.log so that you can identify what the problem is before you can troubleshoot.
4. Webmin - Server Control Panel

Webmin is a nice server control panel available free of charge. It is similar like cpanel or plesk to manage your server. Download the latest version of webmin from the main site

wget http://downloadpath/webmin-x.x.xx.tar.gz
tar xzf webmin-x.x.x.tar.gz
cd /webmin-x.x.x
./setup.sh

The installation program will ask series of questions and most values will be automatically set by default.

Once done, point your browser to: http://ip.address:10000 or http://www.domainname:10000

Login into your webmin and you can do almost anything with your server.
5. Webalizer Installation

Webalizer is a visitor statistics software shows you nice graphic based on visitors, hits and pageviews of your site. It is indeed very easy to configure and run webalizer under apache. Webalizer runs as a daily cron job to monitor your server stats.

apt-get install webalizer

Now edit the webalizer configuration file located at: /etc/webalizer.conf and locate a line with LogFile /var/log/apache/access.log.1 and change to the correct name access.log as shown below.

LogFile /var/log/apache2/access.log

and the bin of webalizer is located at /usr/bin/webalizer which is automatically scheduled to run daily as cron job.

To run webalizer manually.

/usr/bin/webalizer

Point your browser to http://domain/webalizer and you must see some pretty nice visitor statistics of your site.
6. Installing FTP Server (VSFTP)

You will need a simple ftp server to upload and download your web files. i specially like vsftp server because not only it is very easy to configure but also runs faster than other ftp peers with good connection speed.

apt-get install vsftpd

Configuration file is located at: /etc/vsftpd.conf

Change the following settings in /etc/vsftpd.conf so that you allow local users and allow write using ftp.

# Uncomment this to allow local users to log in.
local_enable=YES
# Uncomment this to enable any form of FTP write command.
write_enable=YES

Before you connect using ftp client, you will need to create local users and group. Do not upload files using root.

# CD to /home/ and create a symbolic link to /var/www as this is the public html folder.
ln -s /var/www www

#change ownership /var/www to user
chown -R /var/www

#Change to 755 permissions
chmod -R 755 /var/www

Now you can connect to ftp and upload files. Once you upload all necesarry files in the public html folder, make sure all the files have 755 permission as otherwise you will get permission denied/forbidden error from apache.
Enabling VSFTP to Show Dotted Files

By default, vsftp does not show dotted files in the server, especially .htaccess, eventhough you have successfully uploaded the files. This could be frustrating especially if you are using .htaccess for authentication or rewriting friendly URLs. To fix this just add force_dot_files=YES in your vsftp configuration file /etc/vsftpd.conf

# Activate directory messages - messages given to remote users when they
# go into a certain directory.
dirmessage_enable=YES
force_dot_files=YES

Restart the vsftp server /etc/init.d/vsftpd restart.

Webmin Package: VSFTP also available as webmin package. You can easily change settings from webmin for vsftp.
7. ClamAV - Antivirus Software

Linux based systems are often vulnerable to trojans, worms and viruses. It is often to be on the safer side to scan your server using freely available ClamAV antivirus available for linux

apt-get install clamav

To scan necessary files

clamscan -R /folders

-R is recursive and is optional

To update virus database:

freshclam

Running as Cron Daily Job

To run antivirus as a cron job (automatically scan daily) just run crontab -e from your command line. Then add the following line and save the file.

02 1 * * * root clamscan -R /var/www

This will run the cron job daily @ 1.02 AM by scanning the public html. You can change the folder to whatever you want for mail etc.
8. Quick IP Tables Firewall

Without firewall there is no absolute security for your server. Atleast i would recommend a simple firewall that would employ packet filtering and block off unnecessary ports in your server using IP tables.

apt-get install iptables

I found Quick n Dirty Firewall pretty interesting. You can copy and run the shell script to set up your quick firewall.

Remember not to block important ports like
21 (ftp)
22 (SSH)
23 (Telnet)
25 110 (email)
443 (SSL http or https)
993 (imap ssl)
995 (pop3 ssl)
10000 (webmin)
80 (http)
9. PHP*MySQL*Apache Server Kits

Xampp Server for Windows/Linux - http://www.apachefriends.org/
ApachePHPMySQL Project - http://sourceforge.net/projects/apachephpmysql/
WAMP Server - http://www.wampserver.com/en/
Easy PHP Server - http://www.easyphp.org/
AppServ Server Kit - http://www.appservnetwork.com/
10. Useful Reference

Debian Help - http://www.debianhelp.co.uk
VPS Link Resources: http://wiki.vpslink.com
DNS Setup: Setup your Own Name Server with Directadmin
Article: Implementing PHP File Upload Security
Article: Install APF Firewall in Linux Servers